On January 5, 2026, the Drug Enforcement Administration issued a final order establishing the aggregate production quotas for Schedule I and II controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act, as well as the assessment of annual needs for the List I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. This action, effective immediately, follows a proposed notice published on November 28, 2025, and reflects considerations of public comments, diversion estimates, and data from federal agencies. The quotas are designed to ensure adequate supplies for medical, scientific, research, and export purposes while mitigating risks of overproduction and abuse, amid ongoing national concerns about opioid misuse and medication shortages.
Background and Legal Framework
The Controlled Substances Act requires the DEA Administrator to set annual production quotas for Schedule I and II substances to balance legitimate needs with diversion prevention, as outlined in 21 U.S.C. 826. This authority is delegated from the Attorney General. For List I chemicals, similar assessments ensure supplies for lawful uses like manufacturing over-the-counter medications. The process involves input from the Food and Drug Administration on medical needs and from manufacturers on sales and inventories. Recent amendments, such as the 2018 SUPPORT Act, mandate diversion estimates for key opioids like fentanyl and oxycodone, incorporating overdose data to refine quotas.
This year's quotas build on precedents from prior years, where DEA has progressively reduced opioid production in response to declining prescription rates and rising illicit use. For instance, hydrocodone quotas have decreased over time, reflecting shifts in prescribing patterns post-2014 rescheduling. Key players include DEA as the quota-setter, FDA for demand forecasts, and stakeholders like pharmaceutical manufacturers and patient advocacy groups, whose comments shaped adjustments.
Key Adjustments and Responses to Public Comments
DEA received over 5,000 comments on the proposed quotas, primarily from patients, healthcare providers, and associations concerned about opioid and ADHD medication access. Commenters highlighted difficulties filling prescriptions for substances like oxycodone and hydrocodone, attributing delays to quota reductions and distributor thresholds. DEA responded by affirming its commitment to uninterrupted supplies, noting that quotas do not impose pharmacy ordering limits and that FDA has not reported nationwide shortages for these drugs. The agency emphasized collaboration with FDA to address any issues, such as through quota adjustments or import approvals.
For ADHD medications, concerns focused on amphetamine isomer ratios affecting efficacy. DEA clarified that it allocates quotas based on manufacturer requests, not fixed ratios, ensuring alignment with FDA-approved formulations. Quotas for substances like lisdexamfetamine were increased from proposals to support research and demand. On diversion, DEA used prescription drug monitoring program data to estimate risks, identifying indicators like doctor shopping, though commenters noted potential overlaps with legitimate care.
Specific increases from proposed levels include d,l-amphetamine at 24,234,443 grams, lisdexamfetamine at 51,290,743 grams, and psilocybin at 50,000 grams, reflecting updated data on medical and research needs. New Schedule I listings, such as dipentylone and various nitazenes, received initial quotas of 30 grams each, emphasizing emerging synthetic threats.
Implications for Supply and Diversion Control
Short-term implications include stabilized supplies for essential medications, with opioid quotas like fentanyl at 731,236 grams and oxycodone at 50,237,652 grams deemed sufficient for legitimate use. These figures account for less than 5 percent allocation to injectable forms, addressing palliative care concerns without broad increases. Long-term, the quotas signal continued emphasis on reducing opioid availability amid overdose trends, potentially encouraging non-opioid pain management alternatives.
Different perspectives emerge: patient groups argue reductions exacerbate access barriers, risking shifts to illicit sources, while public health advocates support tighter controls to combat diversion. Manufacturers requested more data transparency, but DEA noted constraints on sharing confidential information, pointing to tools like the ARCOS lookup for registrants.
Potential Next Steps and Ongoing Debates
The established quotas provide a framework for 2026 manufacturing, with provisions for adjustments based on evolving needs. Future challenges include monitoring supply chains for disruptions and refining diversion estimates amid debates over data accuracy. Ongoing discussions may involve greater stakeholder collaboration, as suggested by commenters, to balance crisis response with patient care.
